DIG-MAN: Integration of digital tools into product development and manufacturing education

General objectives of PRODEM education. Teaching of product development requires various digital tools. Nowadays, the digital tools usually use computers, which have become a standard element of manufacturing and teaching environments. In this context, an integration of computer-based technologies in manufacturing environments plays the crucial and main role, allowing to enrich, accelerate and integrate different production phases such as product development, design, manufacturing and inspection. Moreover, the digital tools play important role in management of production. According to Wdowik and Ratnayake (2019 paper: Open Access Digital Tool’s Application Potential in Technological Process Planning: SMMEs Perspective, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29996-5_36), the digital tools can be divided into several main groups such as: machine tools and technological equipment (MTE), devices (D), internet(intranet)-based tools (I), software (S). The groups are presented in Fig. 1.1. Machine tools and technological equipment group contains all existing machines and devices which are commonly used in manufacturing and inspection phase. The group is used in physical shaping of manufactured products, measurement tasks regarding tools and products, etc. The next group of devices (D) is proposed to separate the newest trends of using mobile and computer-based technologies such as smartphones or tablets and indicate the necessity of increased mobility within production sites. The similar need of separation is in the case of internet(intranet)-based tools which indicate the growing interest in network-based solutions. Hence, D and I groups are proposed in order to underline the significance of mobility and networking. These two groups of the digital tools should also be supported in the nearest future by the use of 5G networks. The last group of software (S) concerns computer software produced for the aims of manufacturing environments. There is also a possibility to assign the defined solutions (e.g. computer programs) to more than one group (e.g. program can be assigned to software and internet-based tools). The main role of tools allocated inside separate groups is to support employees, managers and customers of manufacturing firms focused on abovementioned production phases. The digital tools are being developed in order to increase efficiency of production, quality of manufactured products and accelerate innovation process as well as comfort of work. Nowadays, digital also means mobile. Universities (especially technical), which are focused on higher education and research, have been continuously developing their teaching programmes since the beginning of industry 3.0 era. They need to prepare their alumni for changing environments of manufacturing enterprises and new challenges such as Industry 4.0 era, digitalization, networking, remote work, etc. Most of the teaching environments nowadays, especially those in manufacturing engineering area, are equipped with many digital tools and meet various challenges regarding an adaptation, a maintenance and a final usage of the digital tools. The application of these tools in teaching needs a space, staff and supporting infrastructures. Universities adapt their equipment and infrastructures to local or national needs of enterprises and the teaching content is usually focused on currently used technologies. Furthermore, research activities support teaching process by newly developed innovations. Figure 1.2 presents how different digital tools are used in teaching environments. Teaching environments are divided into four groups: lecture rooms, computer laboratories, manufacturing laboratories and industrial environments. The three groups are characteristic in the case of universities’ infrastructure whilst the fourth one is used for the aims of internships of students or researchers. Nowadays lecture rooms are mainly used for lectures and presentations which require the direct communication and interaction between teachers and students. However, such teaching method could also be replaced by the use of remote teaching (e.g. by the use of e-learning platforms or internet communicators). Unfortunately, remote teaching leads to limited interaction between people. Nonverbal communication is hence limited. Computer laboratories (CLs) usually gather students who solve different problems by the use of software. Most of the CLs enable teachers to display instructions by using projectors. Physical gathering in one room enables verbal and nonverbal communication between teachers and students. Manufacturing laboratories are usually used as the demonstrators of real industrial environments. They are also perfect places for performing of experiments and building the proficiency in using of infrastructure. The role of manufacturing labs can be divided as: • places which demonstrate the real industrial environments, • research sites where new ideas can be developed, improved and tested. Industrial environment has a crucial role in teaching. It enables an enriched student experience by providing real industrial challenges and problems

Autodeformation of Carburized Steel during Tempering

The article analyses the results of autodeformation registered during tempering of carburized steel. Test pieces for the tests were carburized till the different depth in order to examine influence of depth of carburization on the deformation of steel during heat treatment operation. Carburization was performed on the one surface of test pieces seeking to analyze extent of acted normal stresses to autodeformation of steel. Different bending loads were applied for analyzed steel from 5 MPa to 100 MPa. Deflection of test pieces was analyzed. The obtained results proved that size and direction of deflection were affected by depth of carburization. Particular results of stretched and compressed surface examination showed different behavior of test pieces during tempering process. Test pieces, which undergo deformation at the beginning of martensitic transformation, after unloading bend further. When tempered test pieces with assimetrically carburized layer bend during hardening, its direction and extent of autodeformation depend on depth of carburization and tempering temperature. Kinetics of autodeformation (during tempering) is affected by difference of volume changes in the carburized part and in the unaffected low carbon part of specimen, and similarly by decomposition of retained austenite in the carburized part.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.1.3820</p

Wear of cemented tungsten carbide (WC) router cutters during oak wood milling

The paper presents a study on the performance of non-coated solid cemented tungsten carbide (WC) router cutter when milling oak wood. The tests were done with the oak wood samples. The samples were milled in the CNC milling router. The samples were milled at three different milling modes. The measured micro-geometrical parameter was the width of cutting edge. Actual values of cutting edge width were measured by optical method using optical microscope and digital microscopy camera. Width of cutting edge was measured in the established steps of cutting length. The received images were processed and measured using the computer software. The results are presented in the form of summaries and diagramsKauno technologijos universitetasVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Antimicrobial copper nanoparticles synthesized from waste printed circuit boards using advanced chemical technology

E-ISSN:1879-2456Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) were classified as one of the most important resources for urban mining containing high purity Copper (Cu) and other valuable materials. Recently, a dissolution recycling approach enhanced by ultrasonic treatment succeeded in the liberation of Cu foils from WPCBs as received. This research aims to synthesize Copper Nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) from the recovered Cu by using an advanced chemistry approach to obtain nano-product with high added value taking into consideration environmental risks. The experiments were carried out on the Cu foils recovered from the three types of WPCBs with different purity of Cu (Motherboard, Video Card, and Random Access Memory (RAM)). The synthesis process was performed in two stages: (a) preparation of Copper (II) Sulfate aqueous solutions from the recovered Cu and (b) chemical reduction of solutions for synthesis of Cu-NPs by using Native Cyclodextrins (NCDs), particularly ß-NCD as stabilizers. The efficiency of the developed approach for raw material of different purity was assessed and the final yield and the estimated recovery cost of synthesized Cu-NPs were calculated with high accuracy as well as the properties of the synthesized Cu-NPs. The obtained Cu-NPs were examined using SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, Raman Spectroscopy, and TGA. To maximize the potential biomedical application benefits, the antibacterial activity of Cu-NPs was investigated by the standard microdilution method for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus bacterial cultures. The results showed that the produced Cu-NPs had an average size of 7 nm and yield 90%, while the preparation costs were 6 times lower in comparison to the commercial counterparts. In addition, the results indicated that the synthesized Cu-NPs from RAM sample had a good antimicrobial actionBiochemijos katedraGamtos mokslų fakultetasKauno technologijos universitetasVytauto Didžiojo universiteta